Comparing In-State and Out-of-State Medical School Acceptance Rates

You’re applying to medical school. You know the drill – you have the best chance of getting into your home state med programs AND they’ll be your most affordable option (usually). But what if you apply and don’t get into the in-state schools? Or what if your state doesn’t have the best programs for you? Or what if your in-state schools are all really competitive and out of reach for you? You may need to turn to out-of-state medical schools. How can you figure out which programs are most friendly to out-of-state applicants? Updated Resource: In-State vs. Out-of-State Acceptance Rate Chart Using the latest data from U.S. News, we’ve updated our cool resource that helps students identify and compare the acceptance rates of in-state and out-of-state medical school applicants. Here’s how it works. Head over to the chart here. Choose how you’d like to sort the data: by state, overall acceptance rate, in-state acceptance rate, out-of-state acceptance rate, ratio of in-state to out-of-state acceptance rate, and in-state advantage. Play around with your options to determine the best in-state and out-of-state med schools for you! hbspt.cta.load(58291, '50ada5ad-3bee-47ff-9bce-6495dd4395a8', {}); Determining where you should apply to med school: in-state or out-of-state? Let’s say you live in Georgia. You can click on the State column to sort the programs by state. Scroll down to GA to find the two Georgia med schools, Augusta and Emory. Now you can compare their overall acceptance rates (11.1% for Augusta and 4.5% for Emory). If you continue looking at the chart, you’ll discover that the acceptance rate for Augusta jumps up to 25.9% for in-state applicants, while Emory’s in-state acceptance rate only budges slightly higher to 9.4%. Meanwhile, when it comes to the out-of-state acceptance rates, Augusta’s drops all the way to 1.2% and Emory’s only slightly to 4.0%. What does this mean for you? This means that if you live in Georgia and are competitive in the usual, other ways, you have a pretty good chance of acceptance to Augusta University, but that Emory doesn’t really care all that much where you’re from. Now if you live in, say, Kentucky, aren’t interested in the med schools there, but have your heart set on heading over to Georgia and are competitive in other ways, you’d have a better chance of gaining admission to Emory as an out-of-stater than you would to Augusta. Our point is this: each case is different, but where you live can play a rather large part in your admissions chances. On the other hand, there are plenty of schools that completely don’t care which state is listed on your driver’s license. If you head to the chart and click on the â€Å"In-State Advantage† column, you’ll see 11 schools where there is no advantage at all to being an in-state applicant, and then another 5 where that advantage is â€Å"negligible.† (Then you’ll hit the â€Å"modest,† â€Å"material,† and â€Å"huge† options further down the list.) hbspt.cta.load(58291, '50ada5ad-3bee-47ff-9bce-6495dd4395a8', {}); Top 11 friendliest medical schools to out-of-state applicants You want to head out-of-state. Which schools should you consider? Which med school programs are more likely to welcome you with open arms? (This table is taken from the In-State vs. Out-of-State Acceptance Rate Chart.) Medical SchoolStateOverall Acceptance RateIn-State Acceptance RateOut-of-State Acceptance RateIn-State Advantage Case Western Reserve UniversityOH8.8%8.4%8.9%None Cornell University (Weill)NY5.8%5.7%5.8%None Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNY6.9%7.9%6.6%None Johns Hopkins UniversityMD6.1%3.9%6.2%None New York University (Langone)NY4.9%5.0%4.9%None Northwestern University (Feinberg)IL7.5%6.9%7.5%None Stanford UniversityCA2.5%2.8%2.4%None University of Chicago (Pritzker)IL4.8%5.8%4.7%None University of RochesterNY5.1%5.9%4.9%None Washington University in St. LouisMO10.2%8.6%10.3%None Yale UniversityCT5.4%3.3%5.5%None Looking for more guidance as you determine the best medical schools for you? Check out Accepted’s Medical School Admissions Consulting Services and work one-on-one with an expert advisor who will help you GET ACCEPTED. For 25 years, Accepted has helped applicants gain acceptance to their dream healthcare programs. Our outstanding team of admissions consultants features former admissions directors, admissions committee members, pre-health advisors, postbac program directors, and doctors. Our staff has guided applicants to acceptance at allopathic (MD) and osteopathic (DO) medical schools, residencies and fellowships, dental school, veterinarian school, and physician assistant programs at top schools such as Harvard, Stanford, Penn, UCSF, Johns Hopkins, Columbia, and many more.  Want an admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Navigate the Med School Maze, a free guide †¢ In-State vs. Out-of-State Med School Acceptance Rates: Why You Should Care †¢ 5 Questions to Help You Decide Where to Apply to Med School Comparing In-State and Out-of-State Medical School Acceptance Rates You’re applying to medical school. You know the drill – you have the best chance of getting into your home state med programs AND they’ll be your most affordable option (usually). But what if you apply and don’t get into the in-state schools? Or what if your state doesn’t have the best programs for you? Or what if your in-state schools are all really competitive and out of reach for you? You may need to turn to out-of-state medical schools. How can you figure out which programs are most friendly to out-of-state applicants? Updated Resource: In-State vs. Out-of-State Acceptance Rate Chart Using the latest data from U.S. News, we’ve updated our cool resource that helps students identify and compare the acceptance rates of in-state and out-of-state medical school applicants. Here’s how it works. Head over to the chart here. Choose how you’d like to sort the data: by state, overall acceptance rate, in-state acceptance rate, out-of-state acceptance rate, ratio of in-state to out-of-state acceptance rate, and in-state advantage. Play around with your options to determine the best in-state and out-of-state med schools for you! hbspt.cta.load(58291, '50ada5ad-3bee-47ff-9bce-6495dd4395a8', {}); Determining where you should apply to med school: in-state or out-of-state? Let’s say you live in Georgia. You can click on the State column to sort the programs by state. Scroll down to GA to find the two Georgia med schools, Augusta and Emory. Now you can compare their overall acceptance rates (11.1% for Augusta and 4.5% for Emory). If you continue looking at the chart, you’ll discover that the acceptance rate for Augusta jumps up to 25.9% for in-state applicants, while Emory’s in-state acceptance rate only budges slightly higher to 9.4%. Meanwhile, when it comes to the out-of-state acceptance rates, Augusta’s drops all the way to 1.2% and Emory’s only slightly to 4.0%. What does this mean for you? This means that if you live in Georgia and are competitive in the usual, other ways, you have a pretty good chance of acceptance to Augusta University, but that Emory doesn’t really care all that much where you’re from. Now if you live in, say, Kentucky, aren’t interested in the med schools there, but have your heart set on heading over to Georgia and are competitive in other ways, you’d have a better chance of gaining admission to Emory as an out-of-stater than you would to Augusta. Our point is this: each case is different, but where you live can play a rather large part in your admissions chances. On the other hand, there are plenty of schools that completely don’t care which state is listed on your driver’s license. If you head to the chart and click on the â€Å"In-State Advantage† column, you’ll see 11 schools where there is no advantage at all to being an in-state applicant, and then another 5 where that advantage is â€Å"negligible.† (Then you’ll hit the â€Å"modest,† â€Å"material,† and â€Å"huge† options further down the list.) hbspt.cta.load(58291, '50ada5ad-3bee-47ff-9bce-6495dd4395a8', {}); Top 11 friendliest medical schools to out-of-state applicants You want to head out-of-state. Which schools should you consider? Which med school programs are more likely to welcome you with open arms? (This table is taken from the In-State vs. Out-of-State Acceptance Rate Chart.) Medical SchoolStateOverall Acceptance RateIn-State Acceptance RateOut-of-State Acceptance RateIn-State Advantage Case Western Reserve UniversityOH8.8%8.4%8.9%None Cornell University (Weill)NY5.8%5.7%5.8%None Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNY6.9%7.9%6.6%None Johns Hopkins UniversityMD6.1%3.9%6.2%None New York University (Langone)NY4.9%5.0%4.9%None Northwestern University (Feinberg)IL7.5%6.9%7.5%None Stanford UniversityCA2.5%2.8%2.4%None University of Chicago (Pritzker)IL4.8%5.8%4.7%None University of RochesterNY5.1%5.9%4.9%None Washington University in St. LouisMO10.2%8.6%10.3%None Yale UniversityCT5.4%3.3%5.5%None Looking for more guidance as you determine the best medical schools for you? Check out Accepted’s Medical School Admissions Consulting Services and work one-on-one with an expert advisor who will help you GET ACCEPTED. For 25 years, Accepted has helped applicants gain acceptance to their dream healthcare programs. Our outstanding team of admissions consultants features former admissions directors, admissions committee members, pre-health advisors, postbac program directors, and doctors. Our staff has guided applicants to acceptance at allopathic (MD) and osteopathic (DO) medical schools, residencies and fellowships, dental school, veterinarian school, and physician assistant programs at top schools such as Harvard, Stanford, Penn, UCSF, Johns Hopkins, Columbia, and many more.  Want an admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Navigate the Med School Maze, a free guide †¢ In-State vs. Out-of-State Med School Acceptance Rates: Why You Should Care †¢ 5 Questions to Help You Decide Where to Apply to Med School

Essay - 880 Words

The year 2017 was a productive and fulfilling year. I continued to publish articles; participated in a number of conferences, both nationally and internationally; got a contract for a scholarly book with the University of California Press and two contracts for textbooks—one in English and the other in Arabic. I also continued to be the co-editor of Jerusalem Quarterly. Furthermore, I o-curated an exhibition, and served as a book referee for Princeton University Press. On teaching and service level, I taught a number of classes here at ISU and at Qatar University, and was active in committee work, be it at ISU, Qatar University, or elsewhere on voluntary basis. A great deal of my time in 2017 was devoted to research. I have a number of†¦show more content†¦In terms of published chapters, I have submitted a number of articles for publication, they include: â€Å"Bearers of Memory: Photo Albums as Sources of Historical Study in Palestine†; â€Å"The Pasha’s Official Photographer(s): The Picturing the Fourth Army’s Suez Campaign†; and â€Å"The Wasif Jawharriyeh Collection: Illustrating Jerusalem during the first half of the 20th century.† The books will be out in 2018, and the detailed information is available on my CV, enclosed with this report. I also published one article in Ostour Journal for Historical Studies entitled â€Å"History and Nationalism: The Case of Palestine,† and another that will appear in The Journal for Palestine Studies in 2018, entitled â€Å"Sykes-Picot and Palestine.† I also published an essay in the guidebook of the Palestinian museum entitled â€Å"A Brief History of Photography in Palestine.† In addition, I co-curated, with Ariella Azoulay, the â€Å"Time Travelers in Palestine,† exhibition that opened in March at Brown University’s Watson Institute. I wrote the catalogue essay for the exhibition. On the academic front, also is my participation in conferences, symposia, and the invited presentations I gave. I was a guest speaker at events in Germany, France, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar, the UK, as well as the US. In terms of service, I am currently on two departmental committees at ISU: DFSC and the search committee for the position of early modern historian of Europe. Outside of the department, I was a member of theShow MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. After all, you re basically just telling a story to someone, something you probably do every day in casual conversationRead MoreApplication Essay : A Process Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesassign an essay. The entire class lets out a groan that could be heard from miles away, however this doesn’t phase your professor. The essay is assigned: a process essay. Now what? What is a process essay? How do you go about writing one? How do you get the A you so desperately need? This paper will discuss everything one needs to know in order to write the perfect process essay such as the definition of a process essay, how to construct it, and how to use proper transitions to make the essay flow. 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After pondering the thought with his father, Hogan decided to take t he offer. The Colonel became his mentorRead MorePersuasive Essays : Persuasive Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesbegan this class, I loved to write persuasive essays. I loved to write about my own opinions and I was quite good at convincing people to agree with my stand points. To convince others to agree on my point of view was an extraordinary feeling. I am very good at getting my point across and giving my reasons on why I feel the way I do about a certain situation. I loved writing persuasive essays because I love to read them as well. I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving the readers aRead MoreEnglish Composition One: To Be an Essay or Not to Be an Essay That Is the Question910 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, the mention to have to write a paper for an assignment caused me to break out in a sweat or my mouth instantly dries, well it does not have that kind of effect on me anymore. The key to successfully completing the essay on time is getting to researc h the topic at hand as soon as possible or before the process of writing begins. The next step for me would be to find the argument and take a side. Moreover, picking a thesis statement through brainstorming the information I gathered forRead More Flight Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages Essay on quot;Flightquot; amp;#9;It is always hard to get separated from someone you love and with whom you have shared every moment of his life until he decides to walk on a different path than yours. You dont know how to react and confusion dominates your mind. Should you be angry at him for leaving you, or should you support and respect his decision ? In her essay quot;Flight,quot; Doris Lessing illustrates the story of an old man who is learning to let go his granddaughter as she growsRead MoreEssay and Academic Life1117 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage learner? Discuss two or three problems with specific examples and details. Ex. 9 Analyzing students’ essays. Use the assignment and the Student Essays to answer the following questions. Assignment: Computers have become an important part of educational process. Write convincing illustration to this statement. Use specific and convincing examples and details. Student Essay 1 Computer as a multipurpose universal instrument of education. In our days computers have become an importantRead More Community Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesan important effect on the shaping of a person’s character is key in both Pythia Peay’s essay, â€Å"Soul Searching† and Winona LaDuke’s interview transcribed in essay form entitled, â€Å"Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Politics of Sustaining Community†. The two authors present ideas, similar and different, of what it means to live in and be a part of community. Through examining these two essays, summarizing and synthesizing, we can gain a better understanding of what community is and

The European Crisis Of Greece, Spain, And The United States

Difficult economic situations often create international conflict and human rights abuses. Recently, the European economy experienced an enormous debt crisis. The crisis created unstable economic and social situations in many countries. The Eurozone crisis negatively affects Greece, Spain, and the United States. First, the European Union crisis elicited a health crisis in Greece. Second, the European Union crisis caused unemployment and stress in Spain. Third, the EU crisis generates negative implications for the United States’ economy. Evidently, the fall of Europe’s economy caused severe impacts on surrounding countries. The European debt crisis created a damaging health crisis for Greek citizens. In response to the EU crisis and rising debt, the Greek government implemented austerity measures on Greece (Kentikelenis, Karanikolos, Reeves, McKee, Stuckler, 2014, p. 748). However, these austerity policies proved controversial and negatively impacted the Grecian societ y. To reduce the budget deficit, Greece’s government introduced the 2010 Stability Programme (Heise Lierse, 2011, p. 506). This strategy included tax increases on pension provisions, as well as pension reforms to make finances sustainable. These changes included raising the retirement age, reducing pension funds, and adapting pension amounts to income fluctuations (Heise Lierse, 2011, p. 506). Although this program cut spending, the negative effects on the Grecian citizens were numerous. AusterityShow MoreRelatedThe Crisis Of The European Union1309 Words   |  6 PagesInflation, crisis, recession, fear, unemployment rise, debt, and depression are some of the commonly used phrases in relation to failing economies. There are many different factors that contribute to the downfall of an economy, whether it be the political structure, the aftermath of a war, or the role of government itself. A failing economy’s severity can vary based on the specific country’s si tuation. 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Wake the Sleeper free essay sample

Wake the Sleeper Most of the local bands in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area are extremely talented. To start off my unsigned band reviews, I figured why not a band that I know, and love! Wake the Sleeper is an astonishingly amazing band. From their vocals down to theyre drumming, everything about this band is phenomenal. After a long period of silence from this group, they have once more risen, with a few replacements of members, and are back and better then ever before! If youve never heard of this band until now, know that the greatest way to be introduced to any band is to see them perform live, and this is no exception with Wake the Sleeper. Although the recordings on their MySpace are wonderful, nothing beats actually seeing them perform. If you would like more information on Wake the Sleeper, then please visit www.myspace.com/wakethesleeperpa. This is their MySpace, and also where youll find any information you might want, and you will also be able to them.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using the Internet free essay sample

Vocabulary: global village, a plethora of options, services, dissemination of information, silver bullet, Babel, rambling, reliability, veracity, ascertain the reliability, rapid pace of change, information overload, landmines, at the click of a mouse, maligned, comfort of home, assimilated, indispensable, pervasive, rife, program vs programme, having access to, beyond reproach, estranged, Be careful of one/you/we/I Linking words Brainstorm Information: (be careful that you must explain and not assume the reader knows online terms) Advantages: 1) Information on almost every subject imaginable. 2) Powerful search engines 3) Ability to do research from your home versus research libraries. 4) Information at various levels of study. Everything from scholarly articles to ones directed at children. 5) Message boards where people can discuss ideas on any topic. Ability to get wide range of opinions. People can find others that have a similar interest in whatever they are interested in. 6) The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to anyone in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using the Internet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 7) Platform for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a video conference with anyone in the world who also has access. 8) Friendships and love connections have been made over the internet by people involved in love/passion over similar interests. 9) Things such as Yahoo Answers and other sites where kids can have readily available help for homework. 10) News, of all kinds is available almost instantaneously. Commentary, on that news, from every conceivable viewpoint is also available. 11) online shopping 12) online courses Disadvantages: 1) There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything, and much of it is garbage. 2) There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in dangerous situations. 3) Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing problems with their interactions of friends and loved ones. 4) Pornography that can get in the hands of young children too easily. 5) Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start surfing, and then realize far more time has passed than you realized. Internet and television together of added to the more sedentary lifestyles of people which further exacerbates the obesity problem. 6) Internet has a lot of cheater sites. People can buy essays and pass them off as their own far more easily than they used to be able to do. 7) There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to take advantage of people. 8) Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer and ruin valuable data. 9) Hackers can use the internet for identity theft. 10) It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and realize just how uneducated so many people have become in todays society. 11) a lack of human touch and customisation of learning e. g.in teaching, facebook 12) identity theft 13) online addiction; waste of time Plan: (You must group the information from the brainstorm and ensure the information can be used to support your TOPIC SENTENCE) Intro: Internet is everywhere. Teenagers think its indispensable. Para 2: An Advantage of the Internet is that it grants us a lot of convenience online shopping, gambling, easier to perform research, forum groups for discussion Para 3: An Advantage of the Internet is that it allows us better understanding of the world the world is but a click away, google search, translation tool, youtube, coursera  Para 4: A disadvantage of the Internet is that it increases crime of various forms scams in purchases, funds transfer, identity theft, hacking of computer systems, password collection Para 5: A disadvantage of the Internet is that it reduces human contact with the convenience of purchases and communication from ones desktop, one may not even travel out of the comfort of home. facebook, purchases, research Conclusion: the internet is much maligned but the truth is that it has both adv and disadvantages. We need to be sensible. (a piece of advice) Sample There are certain things in life which are essential: sunlight, food, water and oxygen. However, if you ask a naive teenager what is crucial for him to lead his life, it would be no surprise if he told you that it is the Internet. (The preceding sentence is in the past tense as it is hypothetical. ) This is really not surprising as the Internet and its use have pervaded so much of our lives. Like all other inventions, the Internet brings with it advantages and disadvantages. (It is up to you whether you want to list the adv and disadv in the intro. If you do, list them in the order that you write to show ORGANIZATION.  ) Perhaps the most obvious advantage of the Internet is the convenience it gives. For just about anything that we need to do in life, the Internet offers an alternative way of doing it. In fact, often with the Internet, we can perform activities faster and cheaper. For example, previously, when we needed to perform research for school projects, the traditional method was that we marched to the library, ploughed through reference books that weigh a tonne. We then made photocopies of the relevant materials before compiling all the information using a typewriter or by hand. Today, Google is a researchers best friend, and with a few keystrokes of the keyboard and clicks of the mouse, voila — we have found the information! Discussions among project members can even be done via forum groups online or simply over messaging programs such as Whatsapp. The convenience of the Internet is boundless! (You may want to write more on other convenience e. g. online entertainment. Notice how the L in PEEL is rephrased. ) Another benefit of having access to and using the Internet is that we gain a better understanding of the world. Many scholars proclaim that the world is now a global village; perhaps they are right — the world is vast but today everyone and everything feels so close and intimate. And why not? We have unimpeded access to any and every piece of information that we desire to know. We can just as easily learn the laws of Singapore as we can find out how to purchase illicit drugs! This in fact is true of any topic that we choose to discover. Even when the information is a foreign language, there are online tools for translation! Do we have any excuse for not having a deeper knowledge of everything? Without doubt, the Internet is not beyond reproach. Crime is a persistent streak of mankind and the Internet is not spared from it either. In fact, weekly, for every Internet success story we read, we read an equivalent internet crime. Scams are a dime a dozen. Who can forget the litany of Nigerian emails claiming to sell potent drugs or cheap mobile phones? Perhaps rarer but more criminal is identity theft. As much as we enjoy the joys of the Internet, we need to tread carefully in the land of minefields. Another downside of using the internet is that we may gradually lose the human touch. In years past, we socialised by spending time at shopping malls with friends, lazing on the couch while watching television programmes with our family. Today, we socialise by updating our status on Facebook, while many families do not gather in front of the television set as each one of us watch our preferred shows via a laptop or a mobile phone. Even when we are on an outing, often, we are transfixed on the phone! So even if physically we are side by side, mentally we are estranged. There is no doubt that the Internet has brought with it a myriad of benefits. (you may want to re-list the adv and disadv if you don’t have enough words. ) Yet, it is inevitable that the cons co-exist with the pros. Hopefully, most of us — especially teenagers — have the sensibility to reap the benefits of using the Internet while mitigating their disadvantages by making responsible and sounds decisions. (don’t end with new info or new adv or disadv; here we end with a simple, short piece of advice. The reason for adding in â€Å"teenagers† is to link to the introduction. )

Spatial Differences Between Males and Females

Spatial Differences Between Males and Females Free Online Research Papers Although many studies have been conducted on interpersonal distance throughout history, it remains uncertain how it should be defined. The Dictionary of Psychology defines interpersonal distance as the distance that people select to separate their ‘bubble’ of personal space from one or more other individuals (Corsini, 1999). This definition appears vague and does not address what usually happens through the invasion of one’s personal space. According to Hayduk (1978), personal space would be â€Å"the area individual humans actively maintain around themselves into which others cannot intrude without arousing discomfort† (p. 118). Altman (1975) has noticed that each definition has four properties. First, it has an invisible boundary separating ourselves from others. Second, it would be literally connected to the self. Third, the invisible boundary adjusts to different situations. Fourth, if someone infringes upon our personal space, it could result in anxiety or stress (Altman, 1975). As Corsini (1999) mentioned, it has often been described as an invisible ‘bubble’ encircling a person (Hayduk, 1983). Despite this common description, Hayduk (1983) believed the bubble analogy was insufficient and misleading. He explained that the bubble analogy does not portray the degree of resistance accompanying intrusion effectively. The misleading aspect was derived from the fact that two bubbles repel one another when pushed together, but when two people got close to each other, their bodies would move, not their personal spaces. Furthermore, bubbles consist of a circular shape and remain the same size until they are ruptured. Personal space remains flexible and it can change depending on the surroundings and specific situations. That being said, the research on personal space has been vast (Hayduk, 1983). Personal space has been studied in conjunction with a multitude of variables such as age (Yagoda, 1982; Remland, 1995), race (Brown, 1981; Carifio, 1987), cultural differences (Aono, 1980; Beaulieu, 2004; Six, 1983), mental disorders (Nechamkin, 2003; Beekman, 1986), the menstrual cycle (O’Neal, Schultz, Christenson, 1987) and sex (Buchanan, Goldman, Juhnke, 1977; Schwarzwald, Kavish, Shoham, Waysman, 1977). Most of the research has been limited in analyzing merely sex and interpersonal distance. Sex differences have often been considered secondary since researchers tend to include other variables that make it difficult to determine cause and effect. This has been due to the fact that most researchers have not been specifically interested in sex differences, but included them in their research anyway (Altman, 1975). Although sex has been oversimplified and misinterpreted as unimportant when studying interpersonal distance, it continues to be a relevant factor. Hayduk (1983) explains that part of the problem has been that we expect sex to have simple effects because there would only be two values to interpret. This has been a misconception because sex should not be seen as a simple dichotomy (Hayduk, 1983). Altman (1975) and Hayduk (1983) both agreed that sex differences need to be understood by observing whether a male or female was approaching a male or female. As a result, there should be four possible values instead of two values. Another important factor would be to determine the relative positions of each individual (Fisher Byrne, 1975; Hayduk, 1983). Males appear to be more comfortable with adjacent spatial positions and females appear to be more comfortable with frontal spatial positions (Fisher Byrne, 1975). This difference may account for more or less personal space between males and females. Numerous studies concluded that females have smaller zones of personal space compared to males (Altman, 1975; Edney, Walker, Jordan, 1976; Fisher, 1975). On the other hand, several studies have also found no significant results at all (Greenberg, Aronow, Rauchway, 1977; Heckel Hiers, 1977; Schneider Hansvick, 1977; Rustemli, 1988). The two conclusions contradict one another. The question remains as to whether significant results concerning sex differences and personal space actually exist. Lerner, Venning, and Knapp (1975) conducted a study on the age and sex effects on personal space. In a sample of children, between kindergarten and sixth grade, it was found that significant sex effects were apparent. The sex effects that were found included the need for females to require more space from males and less space from females. Additionally, it was found that males require more space from females and less from males (Lerner, Venning, Knapp, 1975). One reason for this effect might be the age of the participants. Nevertheless, it suggests that each sex has personal space requirements. The boundary of personal space expands and contracts in diverse situations. In a study conducted by Schwarzwald, Kavish, Shoham, and Waysman (1977), it was found that under fear arousal conditions, personal space contracts. This finding coincides with Altman’s (1975) third property of personal space, which states that the invisible boundary adjusts to different situations. The experiment was performed in a laboratory setting. Participants were told that a galvanic skin response apparatus was going to check for changes. In the fear arousal condition, participants were told that the changes would be measured via electric shocks which may cause some pain or discomfort. Participants in the condition without fear arousal were also told that the changes would be measured via shocks, but were not told they would cause pain or discomfort. The participants in both conditions were told there were two stages in the process, and that they could wait in a waiting room for the next stage. U pon entering the waiting room, a confederate would appear to be waiting for their second stage in the experiment. The participant would have to pick up an overturned chair and place it anywhere to sit down. The distance recorded was between the confederate and the participant. The results showed that the influence of fear arousal on either sex influenced them to move toward someone of the same sex. Also, in a non fear induced condition, males had a tendency to be closer to a female (Schwarzwald, et al., 1977). Rustemli (1988) conducted an experiment on the effects of personal space invasion on impressions, decisions, and comfort. It should also be noted that the technique used in this study was unusual. The participants were told that the purpose of the investigation was to study the interview technique as a selection procedure. In the non-invasion condition, the interviewee (confederate) placed their chair between 100 cm and 120 cm from the interviewer (participant). Conversely, in the invasion condition, the interviewee placed their chair at approximately 10 cm between their feet and the interviewer’s feet. During the interview, a set of 12 questions would be asked by the interviewer and the interviewee would respond with rehearsed answers. After the interview was over, the participant (interviewer) would fill out an evaluation sheet. The sheet measured impressions with 20 bipolar adjectives, then it measured decisions through a 7 point scale where 1 is yes I would hire them and 7 is no I would not hire them. The sheet also measured feelings about the interview situation as a whole by asking how comfortable they were and to what degree were they comfortable. There was no variation to be found on distance manipulation upon impressions and decisions. Both male and female subjects had equally positive reactions. Conversely, male invaders produced more discomfort than female invaders. The study was conducted in Turkey, so one reason for this result may be cultural. Men may seem more threatening because they have more power and higher status (Rustemli, 1988). Buchanan and colleagues (1977) conducted a study on the violation of personal space and whether eye contact or sex had an effect upon it. Three different experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, either 2 male or 2 female confederates occupied an elevator. As a participant would step onto the elevator, one confederate would gaze at them while the other stared at the control panel. Since it was possible for the non-gazing confederate to make eye contact peripherally, experiment two was performed. This experiment was the same as the first with the exception that one confederate had there back to the control panel while reading a newspaper. In experiment 3, there was one male and one female occupying the elevator, and both were making eye contact with whoever got on it. Males were found to have no preference towards either sex regardless of any eye contact. On the other hand, females chose to invade the space of another female who was making eye contact whether the other pers on was a female or a male. One explanation for this may be that females tend to engage in more mutual glances than men (Buchanan, Goldman, Juhnke, 1977). In a study conducted by Uzzell and Horne (2006), it was found that there were some sex differences in interpersonal distance. However, the most significant differences were found in gender roles. They proposed that sex does not have a distinctive role to play in explaining interpersonal distance. Nevertheless, they recognized that gender roles have been highly correlated with sex; therefore, sex can not be ruled out completely (Uzzell Horne, 2006). Sex refers to the biological parts of a person, while gender refers to a social and cultural construction specifying how men and women should behave. There has been an escalating dissociation between sex and gender among society in recent years. As a result, it has made it more acceptable for women to assert at least some masculine traits and characteristics and for men to assert at least some feminine traits and characteristics. Whereas sex has become more polarized, gender exists along a continuum. Hence, it would be inappropriate to assume sex and gender to be the same (Uzzell Horne, 2006). These findings may have some inevitable methodological limitations in the study of interpersonal distance. The three different methodologies that have been used to examine discrepancies in personal distances include projective, laboratory, and observation. Projective procedures entail asking participants to hypothetically imagine a circumstance, and then indicate how they think they or another person would react spatially in that situation (Uzzell Horne, 2006). After reviewing the studies using this technique, Hayduk (1983) concluded that it had no credibility. It has a number of obvious flaws such as needing complex cognitive skills like reconstruction, imagination, empathy, and memory demands. Laboratory measures have also been utilized frequently. The ‘stopdistance’ method has been the most common laboratory method. The experimenter would ask one participant to enter a room and approach another participant until the point when they start feeling uncomfortable with the other person’s proximity. On the other hand, the ‘approach distance’ method would be used in a similar way. The participants would be asked to move towards another person and specify when they stop feeling comfortable. Two of the advantages to laboratory studies would be that they could be easily administered, and by arranging the setting to look like, for example, an office, the experiment could have some degree of ecological validity. The third methodology, observation, has the most ecological validity since it involves directly observing people interacting with each other in real situations and, if possible, by unobtrusive means. The observation method also conveys awareness to the most practical obscurity in the accurate measurement of interpersonal distances. The observation method includes two subtypes which attempt to be inconspicuous and field-based. The first subtype would be mostly a naturalistic, unobtrusive, and uncontrolled observation which would reflect people interacting in a real-world setting. The second subtype would be staged invasions or blocked access in natural settings. In both subtypes, either unsuspecting participants would be approached by a confederate or the paths of people would be blocked by confederates and the reactions examined. Two of the problems with each of these techniques have been ecological validity and the accuracy of measurement. Observation studies as well as laboratory studies have not been able to agree on accurate measurements of interpersonal distance. Since variations in interpersonal distances have been minimal, it would be important to be accurate. The purpose of the current study will be to look at observational research of interpersonal distance between males and females. Nearly all studies on interpersonal distance look more at social interaction than at the actual physical distance which makes this study somewhat novel. Nevertheless, we predict that the furthest distance will be between two males, next between a female approaching a male, then between a male approaching a female, and the closest distance will be between two females. Method Design A 4 X 4 between subjects research design would be used in this study. The two independent variables observed will be sex and accessories. Sex would have four levels recorded as female to male, male to female, male to male, or female to female. There would be four levels for accessories recorded as presence of a backpack, presence of a lunch tray, presence of both a lunch tray and a backpack, and the absence of a lunch tray and a backpack. The dependent variable would be the distance between the participant and the confederate. Participants One hundred undergraduate students at the University of Alabama will be observed in food lines at the Ferguson Center Food Court. Participants should vary with respect to sex and race. The sex of the students in this study should consist of roughly half males and half females. Since the study will be conducted at a University, most of the participants would probably be around the same age. Professors, staff, and non-University of Alabama undergraduates should not be included. Materials All data would be collected with pen and paper. A data sheet would be constructed with various categories to ease the collection process and allow more focus on the college students. The data sheet would consist of five categories listed in columns. The first category would be labeled ‘sex of participant’ which has two options: male or female. The second column would be labeled ‘sex of confederate’ which also has two options: male or female. The next column would be labeled ‘accessory’ which has four options: presence of a backpack, presence of a lunch tray, presence of both a lunch tray and a backpack, and the absence of a lunch tray and a backpack. The fourth column would be labeled ‘other’ and could be used to record either the race of each participant or other potential variables. The last column would be labeled ‘distance’ and would be used to record how far the participant moved when his or her personal space was invaded upon in line by the confederate. Procedure First of all, in order to help prevent observer bias, the observers would have no knowledge of the research hypotheses. They would also be trained on the method of measuring to aid the interobserver reliability. The observers and confederates would arrive at the Ferguson Center Food Court around noon since that would be the busiest time of day and as a result would lower reactivity. One individual will act as the observer and the other will act as the confederate. In order to promote fairness and to help provide a representative sample, one researcher should be female and the other male. The observer should stay within ten feet of the confederate and the presumed participant. This ought to be a safe distance and help the observer blend in with the crowd. Before the confederate invades the participant’s personal space, the observer should note the sex, race, and accessories of the participant. Then, with a head nod, the confederate could begin to invade the personal space of the person in line. The participant in line may move forward, away from the confederate, or remain in the same position to keep from interfering with someone else’s personal space. The observer would estimate the distance in feet and record it on the data sheet. After 50 participants had been entered on the data sheet, the researchers should switch places. Discussion The prediction for the present study was that the furthest distance will be between two males, next between a female approaching a male, then between a male approaching a female, and the closest distance would be between two females. These results were based upon previous research which supported the hypothesis that females have the shortest distance of personal space with another female (Buchanan, Goldman, Juhnke, 1977; Schwarzwald, et al., 1977; Lerner, Venning, Knapp, 1975). The prediction that two males would be the farthest apart was derived from societal expectations and homophobic tendencies. Society expects males to lack emotion and be strong. Conversely, society expects females to be emotional and passive. Males tend to perceive the closeness of another male as threatening to their manhood. Therefore, the furthest amount of interpersonal distance should be found between two males. A female approaching a male was predicted to have more distance than a male approaching a female due to societal expectations as well. A male has been perceived as more dominant, and would be expected to approach a female. On the other hand, a female who approaches a male may be seen as promiscuous. Thus, it seemed appropriate that a female approaching a male would contain more distance than a male approaching a female. One of the limitations of this study would be that it was performed in an uncontrolled setting. However, this could also be viewed as an advantage because it would be in a somewhat natural environment. Another limitation might be in the perception of the actual distance that the participant moved. In a naturalistic setting, it would be difficult to measure precisely how far a person moved without the result of reactivity. Although college students have been frequently used in experiments, it has been questioned whether they can represent the general population. Future research should continue to perfect a way of measuring interpersonal distance. A more reliable method would provide higher validity and reliability. Additionally, more research should be done to focus on the effects of sex on interpersonal distance. References Altman, I. (1975) The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, Crowding. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Monterey, CA. Aono, A. (1980). A developmental study of interpersonal distance and bodily orientation in Japan. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(2), 97-105. Beaulieu, C. (2004). Intercultural study of personal space: A case study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(4), 794-805. Beekman, M. (1986). Interpersonal distance choice and response to distance violation in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenic and nonpsychotic inpatients. Dissertation Abstracts International, 46(8-B), 2795. Brown, C. (1981). Shared space invasion and race. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7(1), 103-108. Buchanan, D., Goldman, M., Juhnke, R. (1977). Eye contact, sex, and the violation of personal space. Journal of Social Psychology, 103(1), 19-25. Carifio, M. (1987). Personal space as a function of violence, race, and control. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47(7-B), 3100. Corsini, Raymond J. (1999). The Dictionary of Psychology. Psychology Press (UK) 501. Edney, J., Walker, C., Jordan, N. (1976). Is there reactance in personal space? Journal of Social Psychology, 100, 207–217. Fisher, J. Byrne, D. (1975). Too close for comfort: Sex differences in response to invasions of personal space. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 32(1), 15-21. Greenberg, E., Aronow, E., Rauchway, A. (1977). Inkblot content and interpersonal distance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 882-887. Hayduk, L. (1978). Personal space: An evaluative and orienting view. Psychological Bulletin. 85(1), 117-134. Hayduk, L. (1983). Personal space: Where we now stand. Psychological Bulletin. 94(2), 293-335. Heckel, R., Hiers, J. (1977). Social distance and locus of control. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(2), 469-471. Lerner, R., Venning, J., Knapp, J. (1975). Age and sex effects on personal space schemata toward body build in late childhood. Developmental Psychology, 11(6), 855-856. Nechamkin, Y., Salganik, I., Modai, I., Ponizovsky, A. (2003).Interpersonal distance in schizophrenic patients: Relationship to negative syndrome. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 49(3), 165. ONeal, E., Schultz, J., Christenson, T. (1987). The menstrual cycle and personal space. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11(1), 26-32. Remland, M., Jones, T., Brinkman, H. (1995). Interpersonal distance, body orientation, and touch: Effects of culture, gender, and age. Journal of Social Psychology, 135 (3), 281-297. Rustemli, A. (1988). The effects of personal space invasion on impressions and decisions. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 122(2), 113-118. Schneider, F., Hansvick, C. (1977). Gaze and distance as a function of changes in interpersonal gaze. Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 5(1), 49. Schwarzwald, J., Kavish, N., Shoham, M. (1977) Fear and sex-similarity as determinants of personal space. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 96(1), 55-61. Six, B. Martin, P., Pecher, M. (1983). A cultural comparison of perceived crowding and discomfort: The United States and West Germany. Journal of Psychology, 114(1), 63. Uzzell, D. Horne, N. (2006). The influence of biological sex, sexuality and gender role on interpersonal distance. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 579- 597. Yagoda, L. (1982). Interpersonal distance and dependency in children as related to adults and peers. Dissertation Abstracts International, 43(1-B), 238. 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Discussion DB 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion DB 5 - Essay Example Given below are the three products for which the consumer demand has been found decreasing for the recent years. Carbonated soft-drinks Until the recent years, the per capita consumption of carbonated soft-drinks has been increasing at a high speed in the established markets. However, the demographic trends have caused the products to reach at their decline stage. Throughout the established countries, teenagers and youngsters contributed the most part of consumers for soft drinks. The decline of popularity in these countries can also be attributed to the decreasing birth rates and ageing populations, for the condition would reduce the demand for the carbonated soft-drink products. The number of people most likely to consume carbonated soft-drink products declined to a very low level in the established markets. Another important problem is the society’s increased focus on â€Å"health and fitness, well-being, and their anxiety about obesity†; for example, Coca-Cola has b ecome the victim of this phenomenon recently (â€Å"Coca-cola innovates†, 2010). Toilet soaps The consumer demand for the toilet soaps has gone down to its lowest point. Firms find it difficult to move their toilet products, especially soaps out of the market.